Domin dubban shekaru, mutane kawai za su iya amfani da kyaututtuka na yanayi: karfe, itace, roba, guduro ... Duk da haka, bayan haihuwar wasan tennis, mutane ba zato ba tsammani gano cewa tare da ikon polymer chemistry, za mu iya tara carbon atom a so kuma hydrogen atoms, ƙirƙirar sabbin kayan da ba a taɓa gani ba a Duniya.
Fasahar nitrocellulose na roba don yin celluloid mataki ne na sauya fasahar filastik daga 0 zuwa 1, kuma a ra'ayi na yau, wannan ƙaramin mataki ne kawai a cikin tafiya mai tsawo.Hyatt ya yi wani “gyaran amsawa” akan filayen auduga da aka narkar da su a cikin nitric acid, ta yadda waɗannan celluloses na macromolecular sun karye kuma sun sake tsara su ta wata sabuwar hanya, kuma an sake haifar da zaruruwan tsire-tsire na yau da kullun.sake haihuwa.Duk da haka, cellulose kanta polymer ne, kuma celluloid kawai yana sake fasalin cellulose, kuma baya samar da cellulose a matakin kwayoyin.Da zarar mun koyi sarrafa kwayoyin halitta, wane irin kayan sihiri za mu samu?

Ba sai mun dade ba.Shekaru 4 kacal bayan samun damar Hyatt tare da celluloid, ƙwararren masanin kimiya na Jamus Adolf von Baeyer ya yi amfani da formaldehyde da phenol don haɗa wani sabon filastik: resin phenolic.A lokaci guda kuma, an buɗe wani sabon nau'in ilimin sunadarai: polymerization.A fagen ilmin sinadarai, polymerization wani nau'in sihiri ne na baƙar fata wanda ke juya dutse zuwa zinari.Yana hada kwayoyin formaldehyde da kwayoyin phenol zuwa cikin wata babbar net, kuma a karshe ya haifi babban mutum wanda ba zai iya gane mahaifinsa formaldehyde da mahaifiyarsa phenol ba.resin henolic.

A cikin filin masana'antu, filastik resin phenolic ana kiransa "bakelite" saboda yana da insulating, anti-static, da kuma babban zafin jiki.Abu ne mai kyau don yin insulating switches, ta yadda za ku iya kunna fitilu a kowace rana ba tare da damuwa da girgiza wutar lantarki ba.Daga bayyanar kristal, yana da wuya a ga abin mamaki na wannan samfurin: kowane yanki na bakelite babban kwayoyin halitta ne, kwayoyin da ke da girma da za a iya riƙe a cikin tafin hannunka!
A tunaninmu, kwayoyin halitta kamar ƙaramin abu ne tun zamanin da.Digo na ruwa ya ƙunshi kusan kwayoyin ruwa 1.67 × 10 21.Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na resin phenolic, formaldehyde da phenol, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ne da ba za a iya gane su ba, tare da nauyin kwayoyin halitta na 30 da 94, bi da bi, amma idan kana so ka tambayi nauyin kwayoyin halitta na resin phenolic, za ka iya zana sifilai ashirin ko talatin bayan 1.

Gani ya fi gani.Idan kana so ka fuskanci ƙarfin ban tsoro na amsawar polymerization, za ka iya kuma ciyar da dakika 10 don kallon abubuwan fashewar polymerization bayan dumama p-nitroaniline da sulfuric acid.Ƙananan rabin kwano bayani a cikin hoton da ke hagu a hankali yana faɗaɗa kuma yana shan taba bayan dumama, kuma kwayoyin p-nitroaniline suna haye-haɗe da polymerize a cikin ƙimar girma mai girma.A karshe, dutsen mai aman wuta ya barke cikin kasa da dakika 1, kuma wata bishiya mai girman gaske ta tsiro daga inda babu.Optimus Prime.Ko da yake wannan ginshiƙin duhu ya yi kama da ƙarfi, amma a zahiri tsarin soso ne mai ɗanɗano da ƙura wanda p-nitroaniline sulfonate ya yi, kuma zai zama toka tare da ɗan matsi.

Godiya ga halayen polymerization, a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, babban adadin sanannun robobi "poly" sun fito a cikin masana'antar sinadarai: polyamide, polyurethane, polyethylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, Polyester……
Menene?Kun ce ba ku san waɗannan sunaye masu ban mamaki ba?Ba laifi, zan fassara muku shi.
Polyamide (wanda aka fi sani da Nylon): DuPont ne ya haɓaka a cikin 1930, fiber ɗin roba na farko a duniya, kusan shekaru 100 masu fafatawa ba su wuce shi ba.

Polyethylene: Filastik da aka fi yawan amfani da su a rayuwar yau da kullun.

Polystyrene (kuma aka sani da Poly Dragon): dole ne don ɗaukar kaya da masu jigilar kaya

Polypropylene: mai jure zafi har zuwa 140 ° C, kuma baya amsawa da acid, alkalis, da gishiri, kuma shine zaɓi na farko don akwatunan abincin rana na microwave.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (wanda kuma aka sani da Teflon): An san shi da "Sarkin Filastik", yana iya aiki akai-akai a cikin kewayon -180 ~ 250 ℃, kuma kusan ba zai iya narkewa a cikin duk abubuwan kaushi, har ma a cikin ruwa mai dafaffen ruwa.Kawai a shafa siriri mai bakin ciki zuwa kasan kwanon rufin don canza shi zuwa kasko mai tsayi mara tsayi

Polyester fiber (polyester): cike da elasticity, mai jure wrinkle, mara ƙarfe, juriya, kusan duk tufafin da aka saya akan taska suna da shi, musamman kayan wasanni.

Polyurethane: Bayer ta karrama shi a 1937, yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin zafin jiki, kuma galibi ana amfani dashi a cikin rufin bango.Amma kuna iya sanin littafin 0.01 mm a rayuwar ku ta yau da kullun.

Idan na gaya muku cewa kowa da kowa abincinsa, tufafinsa, gidansa da abin hawa ba su rabu da filastik, watakila mutane da yawa za su yi min kallon ban mamaki.E, ya yi yawa, da yawa a gani, da yawa don mantawa, muna rayuwa a cikin duniyar filastik kowace rana.Muna yin girki a cikin tukwane, a ci a cikin akwatunan filastik, a sha daga kwalabe, a wanke a kwandon filastik, mu yi wanka a cikin baho, sa tufafin filastik filastik don fita, fitar da motocin robo 50% don aiki, bude Laptop mai filastik, buga wannan labarin. akan maballin filastik - kuma kuna karanta shi yana buga wayar ku ta filastik.
Ya zuwa yanzu, an samar da dubban robobi a duniya.Ƙididdiga masu mahimmanci ba su yiwuwa a ƙidaya, kuma babu wani mahimmanci na ƙididdiga, saboda dozin ko ɗaruruwan sababbin robobi suna fitowa a kowace shekara, kuma kowane minti daya da kowane dakika, ma'aikatan R&D suna inganta tsari da tsarin sarrafa robobi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.Tun lokacin da aka fara samar da filastik celluloid, mun yi tan biliyan 7 na filastik, kuma idan an yi shi cikin igiya, zai iya nannade duniya a duniya - da yawa?Yanzu muna samar da tan biliyan 1 na filastik kowace shekara 3.Ga masana'antar sinadarai ta filastik mai shekaru 140, farkon farkon.
Lokacin da bil'adama ya ƙare, masu binciken archaeologists baƙo za su sami alamun wanzuwar mu a cikin rikodin ilimin ƙasa - ƙirar dutsen filastik.Filastik yana haɗuwa da duwatsu, tsakuwa, da harsashi, kuma ya nutse cikin teku don zama abin tunawa na har abada na duniya.Kamar yadda ajiyar calcium carbonate ke alamar Cretaceous da dinosaur burbushin halittu alama Jurassic, wannan dutsen dutsen da aka yi ya nuna sabon zamani na geological: Anthropocene.Masu kyautata zato sun yi imanin cewa yin filastik babban ci gaba ne kamar hakar itace don yin wuta da goge kayan aikin dutse.Yana wakiltar cewa a ƙarshe ’yan Adam sun fahimci yanayin kwayoyin halitta kuma suna da ikon kutsawa cikin kangin yanayi da gina sabuwar duniya da ba a taɓa ganin irinta ba;yayin da wasu, ƙi shi.Kira shi "fararen ta'addanci", "ƙirƙirar mutuwa" da "mafarkin ɗan adam na ƙarni na 21st".
Fasahar da ta tsara ƙwallon ping pong

Kamfaninmu ya ƙware wajen keɓancewasamfuran filastik, Mun kasance muna hulɗa da samfuran filastik don shekaru 23, kuma ƙwarewarmu ta isa sosai