1. Yi amfani da rarrabawa

Dangane da halaye daban-daban na amfani da robobi daban-daban, yawancin robobi suna kasu kashi uku: robobi na gabaɗaya, robobin injiniya da robobi na musamman.

① Babban filastik

Gabaɗaya yana nufin robobi tare da babban fitarwa, aikace-aikace mai faɗi, kyakkyawan tsari da ƙarancin farashi.Akwai nau'ikan robobi guda biyar, wato polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) da acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS).Wadannan nau'ikan robobi guda biyar suna da mafi yawan kayan albarkatun filastik, sauran kuma ana iya rarraba su zuwa nau'ikan filastik na musamman, kamar: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, da sauransu, ana amfani da su a cikin samfuran rayuwar yau da kullun. kadan ne, galibi ana amfani da shi a manyan fannoni kamar masana'antar injiniya da fasahar tsaron ƙasa, kamar motoci, sararin samaniya, gini, da sadarwa.Bisa ga rabe-rabensa na filastik, ana iya raba robobi zuwa robobi na thermoplastics da kuma robobi na thermosetting.A ƙarƙashin yanayi na al'ada, ana iya sake yin amfani da samfuran thermoplastic, yayin da robobin thermoset ɗin ba za su iya ba.Dangane da kaddarorin masu gani na robobi, ana iya raba su zuwa ga kayan aiki masu gaskiya, translucent da opaque, irin su PS, PMMA, AS, PC, da dai sauransu waɗanda ke da fa'ida mai fa'ida , Kuma mafi yawan sauran robobi ne filastik filastik.

Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na robobi da aka saba amfani da su:

1. Polyethylene:

Za a iya raba polyethylene da aka saba amfani da shi zuwa ƙananan polyethylene (LDPE), polyethylene mai girma (HDPE) da ƙananan ƙananan polyethylene (LLDPE).Daga cikin ukun, HDPE yana da mafi kyawun thermal, lantarki da kayan aikin injiniya, yayin da LDPE da LLDPE suna da mafi kyawun sassauci, kaddarorin tasiri, abubuwan ƙirƙirar fim, da sauransu. , yayin da HDPE yana da aikace-aikace iri-iri, kamar fina-finai, bututu, da alluran buƙatun yau da kullun.

2. Polypropylene:

Dangane da magana, polypropylene yana da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan polypropylene da polypropylene da ake amfani da su).Yawancin nau'ikan sun haɗa da homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), toshe copolymer polypropylene (copp) da kuma bazuwar copolymer polypropylene (rapp).Dangane da aikace-aikacen, ana amfani da homopolymerization galibi a fagen zanen waya, fiber, allura, fim ɗin BOPP, da sauransu. Ana amfani da polypropylene galibi a cikin samfuran gaskiya, samfuran ayyuka masu inganci, bututu masu ƙarfi, da sauransu.

3. Polyvinyl chloride:

Saboda rashin tsadar sa da kuma kaddarorin da ke kashe wuta da kansa, yana da fa'ida iri-iri a fagen gine-gine, musamman ga bututun magudanar ruwa, kofofin karfe da tagogi na filastik, faranti, fata na wucin gadi da sauransu.

4. Polystyrene:

A matsayin wani nau'i na albarkatun kasa na zahiri, lokacin da ake buƙatar bayyana gaskiya, yana da fa'idodi da yawa, kamar su fitulun mota, sassa na yau da kullun, kofuna na gaskiya, gwangwani, da sauransu.

5. ABS:

Filastik ɗin injiniya ce mai jujjuyawa tare da fitattun kayan aikin injiniya na zahiri da kayan zafi.Ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin kayan aikin gida, bangarori, masks, majalisai, kayan haɗi, da dai sauransu, musamman kayan aikin gida, kamar injin wanki, kwandishan, firiji, magoya bayan wutar lantarki, da dai sauransu. Yana da girma sosai kuma yana da fa'ida ta amfani da shi a ciki. gyaran filastik.

② Injiniya robobi

Gabaɗaya yana nufin robobi waɗanda za su iya jure wani ƙarfi na waje, suna da kyawawan kaddarorin injina, tsayi da ƙarancin zafin jiki, kuma suna da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau, kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman tsarin injiniya, kamar polyamide da polysulfone.A cikin robobin injiniya, an kasu kashi biyu: robobin injiniya na gabaɗaya da robobin injiniya na musamman.Injin robobi na iya biyan buƙatu mafi girma dangane da kaddarorin injina, karko, juriya na lalata, da juriya na zafi, kuma sun fi dacewa don aiwatarwa kuma suna iya maye gurbin kayan ƙarfe.Ana amfani da robobin injiniya sosai a cikin lantarki da lantarki, motoci, gini, kayan ofis, injina, sararin samaniya da sauran masana'antu.Maye gurbin filastik da karfe da filastik don itace ya zama yanayin duniya.

Manyan robobi na injiniya sun haɗa da: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether da aka gyara, polyester thermoplastic, polyethylene ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, methylpentene polymer, vinyl barasa copolymer, da dai sauransu.

Ana rarraba robobi na injiniya na musamman zuwa nau'ikan haɗin gwiwa da waɗanda ba su da alaƙa.Nau'o'in haɗin kai sune: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, polyimide mai haɗin giciye, resin epoxy mai tsayayya da zafi da sauransu.Nau'ikan da ba a haɗa su ba sune: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) da sauransu.

③ robobi na musamman

Gabaɗaya yana nufin robobi waɗanda ke da ayyuka na musamman kuma ana iya amfani da su a aikace-aikace na musamman kamar jirgin sama da sararin samaniya.Misali, fluoroplastics da silicones suna da fitattun matakan juriya na zafin jiki, lubricating kai da sauran ayyuka na musamman, da kuma ƙarfafa robobi da robobi masu kumfa suna da kaddarori na musamman kamar ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da ɗorewa.Waɗannan robobi suna cikin nau'in robobi na musamman.

a.Ƙarfafa filastik:

Ana iya raba albarkatun albarkatun filastik da aka ƙarfafa zuwa granular (kamar filastik filastik ƙarfafa filastik), fiber (kamar fiber gilashi ko gilashin filastik ƙarfafa), da flake (kamar mica ƙarfafa filastik) a cikin bayyanar.Dangane da kayan, ana iya raba shi zuwa robobi da aka ƙarfafa tushen tufa (kamar ƙarfafa rag ko asbestos ƙarfafa robobi), ma'adinan inorganic ma'adinai cika robobi (kamar ma'adini ko mica cika robobi), da fiber ƙarfafa robobi (kamar carbon fiber ƙarfafa). robobi).

b.Kumfa:

Za'a iya raba filastik kumfa zuwa nau'ikan uku: m, semi-rigakali da sassauƙa kumfa.Kumfa mai tsauri ba shi da sassauci, kuma taurinsa yana da girma sosai.Za ta lalace ne kawai lokacin da ta kai wani ƙimar damuwa kuma ba za ta iya komawa yanayinta na asali ba bayan an sauke damuwa.Kumfa mai sassauƙa yana da sassauƙa, tare da ƙarancin matsawa, kuma yana da sauƙin lalacewa.Mayar da asalin asali, ragowar nakasar ƙanana ce;sassauci da sauran kaddarorin kumfa mai tsaka-tsaki suna tsakanin kumfa mai laushi da taushi.

Na biyu, rabewar jiki da sinadarai

Dangane da kaddarorin jiki da sinadarai na robobi daban-daban, ana iya raba robobi zuwa nau'i biyu: robobi na thermosetting da robobin thermoplastic.

(1) Thermoplastic

Thermoplastics (Thermo plastics): yana nufin robobi da za su narke bayan dumama, za su iya shiga cikin kwandon bayan sanyaya, sannan narke bayan dumama;Ana iya amfani da dumama da sanyaya don samar da canje-canje masu canzawa (ruwa ←→ m), i Abin da ake kira canjin jiki.Gabaɗaya-manufa thermoplastics suna ci gaba da amfani da yanayin zafi ƙasa da 100 ° C.Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, da polystyrene kuma ana kiran su robobi guda huɗu na gaba ɗaya.Thermoplastic robobi sun kasu kashi hydrocarbons, vinyls tare da iyakacin duniya genes, injiniya, cellulose da sauran iri.Yakan yi laushi lokacin zafi, kuma ya zama mai tauri idan an sanyaya.Ana iya yin tausasa akai-akai da taurare kuma yana kula da wani sifa.Yana da narkewa a cikin wasu kaushi kuma yana da dukiyar zama mai narkewa da mai narkewa.Thermoplastics suna da kyakkyawan rufin lantarki, musamman polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) suna da ƙarancin ƙarancin dielectric akai-akai da asarar dielectric.Don babban mita da manyan kayan rufin wuta.Thermoplastics suna da sauƙin ƙirƙira da sarrafawa, amma suna da ƙarancin juriya na zafi kuma suna da sauƙin rarrafe.Matsayin rarrafe ya bambanta da kaya, zafin muhalli, ƙarfi, da zafi.Domin shawo kan wadannan raunin na thermoplastics da kuma biyan bukatun aikace-aikace a fannonin fasaha na sararin samaniya da kuma ci gaban sabon makamashi, dukkanin ƙasashe suna haɓaka resins masu tsayayya da zafi wanda za'a iya narkar da su, irin su polyether ether ketone (PEEK) da polyether sulfone. PES)., Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), da dai sauransu Haɗe-haɗe kayan amfani da su a matsayin matrix resins da mafi inji Properties da sinadaran juriya, za a iya thermoformed da welded, kuma suna da mafi interlaminar karfi ƙarfi fiye da epoxy resins.Misali, ta yin amfani da polyether ether ketone a matsayin resin matrix da fiber carbon don yin kayan haɗin gwiwa, juriyar gajiya ta wuce na epoxy/carbon fiber.Yana da kyakkyawar juriya mai tasiri, kyakkyawan juriya mai rarrafe a dakin da zafin jiki, da kyakkyawan tsari.Za'a iya amfani dashi akai-akai a 240-270 ° C.Yana da manufa high-zazzabi kayan rufi.Abubuwan da aka haɗa da polyethersulfone a matsayin resin matrix da fiber carbon yana da ƙarfi da ƙarfi a 200 ° C, kuma yana iya kula da juriya mai kyau a -100 ° C;ba mai guba ba ne, mara ƙonewa, ƙaramar hayaki, da juriya na radiation.To, ana sa ran za a yi amfani da shi a matsayin wani muhimmin ginshiƙi na jirgin sama, kuma ana iya ƙera shi zuwa wani radome, da dai sauransu.

Formaldehyde robobi masu haɗin gwiwa sun haɗa da robobin phenolic, robobin amino (kamar urea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, da sauransu).Sauran robobi masu alaƙa da giciye sun haɗa da polyesters mara kyau, resin epoxy, da resin phthalic diallyl.

(2) Filastik mai zafi

Thermosetting robobi na nufin robobi da za a iya warke a karkashin zafi ko wasu yanayi ko da insoluble (narkawa) halaye, kamar phenolic robobi, epoxy robobi, da dai sauransu Thermosetting robobi sun kasu kashi formaldehyde giciye-linked iri da sauran giciye-linked iri.Bayan sarrafa thermal da gyare-gyare, an samar da samfurin warkewar da ba zai iya narkewa ba, kuma ƙwayoyin resin suna haɗe zuwa tsarin cibiyar sadarwa ta tsarin layi.Ƙara zafi zai rushe kuma ya lalata.Filayen robobi na thermosetting sun haɗa da phenolic, epoxy, amino, polyester unsaturated, furan, polysiloxane da sauran kayan, da kuma sabbin robobin phthalate polydipropylene.Suna da abũbuwan amfãni daga high zafi juriya da juriya ga nakasawa lokacin da mai tsanani.Rashin hasara shine cewa ƙarfin injin gabaɗaya baya girma, amma ana iya haɓaka ƙarfin injin ta ƙara filaye don yin kayan lanƙwasa ko kayan ƙera.

Robobi masu zafi da aka yi da resin phenolic a matsayin babban ɗanyen abu, kamar filastik ƙwanƙwasa phenolic (wanda aka fi sani da Bakelite), suna da ɗorewa, tsayin daka, da juriya ga sauran abubuwan sinadarai sai alkalis masu ƙarfi.Za a iya ƙara daban-daban fillers da additives bisa ga daban-daban amfani da bukatun.Don nau'ikan da ke buƙatar babban aikin rufewa, ana iya amfani da mica ko fiber gilashi azaman filler;don nau'ikan da ke buƙatar juriya na zafi, ana iya amfani da asbestos ko wasu masu jure zafi;don nau'ikan da ke buƙatar juriya na girgizar ƙasa, ana iya amfani da zaruruwa daban-daban masu dacewa ko roba azaman masu cikawa da wasu abubuwa masu ƙarfi don yin kayan tauri mai ƙarfi.Bugu da kari, gyaggyarawa resin phenolic kamar aniline, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, da polyvinyl acetal kuma ana iya amfani da su don biyan buƙatun aikace-aikace daban-daban.Hakanan za'a iya amfani da resins na phenolic don yin laminates phenolic, waɗanda ke da ƙarfin ƙarfin injiniya, kyawawan kayan lantarki, juriya na lalata, da sauƙin sarrafawa.Ana amfani da su sosai a cikin ƙananan kayan wutan lantarki.

Aminoplasts sun hada da urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde da sauransu.Suna da abũbuwan amfãni daga m rubutu, karce juriya, colorless, translucent, da dai sauransu Ƙara launi kayan za a iya sanya a cikin m kayayyakin, wanda aka fi sani da Electric Jade.Domin yana da juriya ga man fetur kuma ba ya shafar alkalis masu rauni da kuma abubuwan da ake amfani da su (amma ba acid resistant ba), ana iya amfani dashi a 70 ° C na dogon lokaci, kuma yana iya tsayayya da 110 zuwa 120 ° C a cikin gajeren lokaci, kuma zai iya a yi amfani da su a cikin kayan lantarki.Melamine-formaldehyde filastik yana da ƙarfi fiye da urea-formaldehyde filastik, kuma yana da mafi kyawun juriya na ruwa, juriya mai zafi, da juriya na baka.Ana iya amfani dashi azaman abin rufe fuska mai juriya.

Akwai nau'ikan robobi da yawa na thermosetting da aka yi da resin epoxy a matsayin babban albarkatun ƙasa, daga cikinsu kusan kashi 90% sun dogara ne akan bisphenol A epoxy resin.Yana da kyakkyawar mannewa, rufin lantarki, juriya na zafi da kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai, ƙananan raguwa da shayar ruwa, da kuma ƙarfin inji mai kyau.

Dukansu polyester mara kyau da resin epoxy ana iya yin su zuwa FRP, wanda ke da kyakkyawan ƙarfin injina.Misali, fiber gilashin da aka ƙarfafa filastik da aka yi da polyester mara kyau yana da kyawawan kaddarorin injina da ƙarancin ƙima (kawai 1/5 zuwa 1/4 na ƙarfe, 1/2 na aluminum), kuma yana da sauƙin sarrafawa zuwa sassa daban-daban na lantarki.Abubuwan lantarki da injiniyoyi na robobi da aka yi da resin dipropylene phthalate sun fi na phenolic da amino thermosetting robobi.Yana da low hygroscopicity, barga samfurin size, mai kyau gyare-gyaren yi, acid da alkali juriya, ruwan zãfi da wasu Organic kaushi.Ginin gyare-gyaren ya dace da sassa na masana'antu tare da tsari mai rikitarwa, juriya na zafin jiki da babban rufi.Gabaɗaya, ana iya amfani da shi na dogon lokaci a cikin kewayon zafin jiki na -60 ~ 180 ℃, kuma yanayin juriya na zafi zai iya kaiwa darajar F zuwa H, wanda ya fi ƙarfin juriya na phenolic da amino robobi.

Silicone robobi a cikin nau'i na polysiloxane tsarin ana amfani da ko'ina a cikin lantarki da lantarki fasahar.Silicone laminated robobi an fi ƙarfafa su da gilashin zane;Filayen siliki da aka ƙera galibi suna cike da fiber gilashi da kuma asbestos, waɗanda ake amfani da su don kera sassan da ke da juriya ga zafin jiki, mita mai yawa ko injunan ruwa, na'urorin lantarki, da kayan lantarki.Wannan nau'in filastik ana siffanta shi da ƙarancin dielectric akai-akai da ƙimar tgδ, kuma ba shi da tasiri ta mita.Ana amfani da shi a cikin masana'antun lantarki da na lantarki don tsayayya da corona da arcs.Ko da fitarwa yana haifar da bazuwar, samfurin shine silicon dioxide maimakon baƙar fata na carbon..Wannan nau'in kayan yana da tsayayyar zafi kuma ana iya amfani dashi akai-akai a 250 ° C.Babban rashin amfani na polysilicon shine ƙarancin ƙarfin injin, ƙarancin mannewa da ƙarancin juriya mai.Yawancin gyare-gyaren polymers na silicone an ƙirƙira su, irin su polyester da aka gyara na siliki kuma an yi amfani da su a fasahar lantarki.Wasu robobi duka biyun thermoplastic ne da kuma robobin thermosetting.Misali, polyvinyl chloride gabaɗaya thermoplastic ne.Japan ta ƙera wani sabon nau'in ruwa na polyvinyl chloride wanda shine thermoset kuma yana da zafin gyare-gyare na 60 zuwa 140 ° C.Wani robobi da ake kira Lundex a Amurka yana da nau'ikan sarrafa thermoplastic guda biyu, da kuma kaddarorin jiki na robobin zafin jiki.

① Hydrocarbon robobi.

Filastik ne wanda ba na iyakacin duniya ba, wanda aka raba shi zuwa crystalline da wanda ba na crystalline ba.Robobin hydrocarbon crystalline sun haɗa da polyethylene, polypropylene, da dai sauransu, kuma robobin hydrocarbon da ba na crystalline sun haɗa da polystyrene, da sauransu.

② Filayen Vinyl mai dauke da kwayoyin halitta na polar.

Sai dai na fluoroplastics, yawancin su jikin da ba na crystalline ba ne, ciki har da polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, da dai sauransu. Yawancin vinyl monomers ana iya yin polymerized tare da radical catalysts.

③Thermoplastic injiniyan filastik.

Yafi sun hada da polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, ABS, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, da dai sauransu Polytetrafluoroethylene.Ana kuma haɗa polypropylene da aka gyara, da sauransu a cikin wannan kewayon.

④ Thermoplastic cellulose robobi.

Ya fi hada da cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellophane, cellophane da sauransu.

Za mu iya amfani da duk kayan filastik da ke sama.
A ƙarƙashin yanayi na al'ada, ana amfani da nau'in PP-abinci da PP na likitanci don samfuran kamacokali. Da pipetteAn yi shi da kayan HDPE, da kumatube gwajingabaɗaya an yi shi da matakin likitanci PP ko kayan PS.Har yanzu muna da samfurori da yawa, ta amfani da kayan aiki daban-daban, saboda muna ammaker, kusan dukkanin samfuran filastik ana iya samar da su