1. Yi amfani da rarrabuwa

Dangane da bambancin amfani da robobi daban-daban, yawanci ana raba robobi zuwa nau'i uku: robobi na gabaɗaya, robobi na injiniya da robobi na musamman.

①Jimla filastik

Gabaɗaya yana nufin robobi masu yawan fitarwa, amfani mai faɗi, kyakkyawan tsari da ƙarancin farashi. Akwai nau'ikan robobi guda biyar na gabaɗaya, wato polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) da acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS). Waɗannan nau'ikan robobi guda biyar suna wakiltar mafi yawan kayan filastik, kuma sauran za a iya rarraba su zuwa nau'ikan filastik na musamman, kamar: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, da sauransu, ba a amfani da su sosai a cikin kayayyakin rayuwar yau da kullun, galibi ana amfani da su a fannoni masu inganci kamar masana'antar injiniya da fasahar tsaro ta ƙasa, kamar motoci, sararin samaniya, gini, da sadarwa. Dangane da rarrabuwar filastik, ana iya raba robobi zuwa robobi masu zafi da na zafi. A ƙarƙashin yanayi na al'ada, ana iya sake yin amfani da samfuran thermoplastic, yayin da robobi masu zafi ba za su iya ba. Dangane da halayen gani na robobi, ana iya raba su zuwa kayan masarufi masu haske, masu haske da marasa haske, kamar PS, PMMA, AS, PC, da sauransu waɗanda robobi ne masu haske, Kuma yawancin sauran robobi robobi ne marasa haske.

Halaye da amfanin robobi da ake amfani da su akai-akai:

1. Polyethylene:

Ana iya raba polyethylene da aka saba amfani da shi zuwa ƙananan yawa polyethylene (LDPE), manyan yawa polyethylene (HDPE) da kuma ƙananan yawa polyethylene (LLDPE). Daga cikin ukun, HDPE yana da mafi kyawun halaye na zafi, lantarki da na inji, yayin da LDPE da LLDPE suna da mafi kyawun sassauci, halayen tasiri, halayen samar da fim, da sauransu. Ana amfani da LDPE da LLDPE galibi a cikin fina-finan marufi, fina-finan noma, gyaran filastik, da sauransu, yayin da HDPE yana da nau'ikan aikace-aikace iri-iri, kamar fina-finai, bututu, da buƙatun yau da kullun na allura.

2. Polypropylene:

A takaice dai, polypropylene yana da nau'ikan iri-iri, amfani mai rikitarwa, da kuma fannoni daban-daban na fili. Iri-iri sun haɗa da homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), block copolymer polypropylene (copp) da random copolymer polypropylene (rapp). Dangane da aikace-aikacen, ana amfani da Homopolymerization galibi a fannonin zane-zanen waya, zare, allura, fim ɗin BOPP, da sauransu. Ana amfani da copolymer polypropylene galibi a cikin kayan aikin gida, kayan da aka gyara, kayayyakin allura na yau da kullun, bututu, da sauransu, kuma polypropylene bazuwar galibi ana amfani da shi a cikin samfuran da ba su da lahani, samfuran da ke da babban aiki, bututu masu ƙarfi, da sauransu.

3. Polyvinyl chloride:

Saboda ƙarancin farashi da kuma ƙarfin hana ƙonewa, yana da amfani iri-iri a fannin gini, musamman ga bututun magudanar ruwa, ƙofofi da tagogi na ƙarfe na filastik, faranti, fata ta wucin gadi, da sauransu.

4. Polystyrene:

A matsayin wani nau'in kayan da aka yi amfani da su wajen bayyana gaskiya, idan akwai buƙatar bayyana gaskiya, yana da amfani iri-iri, kamar inuwar fitilun mota, sassan da ke bayyana gaskiya a kullum, kofuna masu bayyana gaskiya, gwangwani, da sauransu.

5. ABS:

Roba ne mai amfani da fasahar injiniya mai inganci, wanda ke da kyawawan halaye na injiniya da na zafi. Ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin kayan gida, bangarori, abin rufe fuska, kayan haɗi, da sauransu, musamman kayan gida, kamar injinan wanki, na'urorin sanyaya iska, firiji, fanka na lantarki, da sauransu. Yana da girma sosai kuma yana da amfani iri-iri wajen gyaran filastik.

②Robobi na injiniya

Gabaɗaya yana nufin robobi waɗanda zasu iya jure wani ƙarfi na waje, suna da kyawawan halayen injiniya, juriya mai yawa da ƙarancin zafin jiki, kuma suna da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali, kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman tsarin injiniya, kamar polyamide da polysulfone. A cikin robobi na injiniya, an raba shi zuwa rukuni biyu: robobi na injiniya gabaɗaya da robobi na injiniya na musamman. Robobi na injiniya na iya biyan buƙatu mafi girma dangane da halayen injiniya, dorewa, juriyar tsatsa, da juriyar zafi, kuma sun fi dacewa a sarrafa su kuma suna iya maye gurbin kayan ƙarfe. Ana amfani da robobi na injiniya sosai a cikin wutar lantarki da lantarki, motoci, gini, kayan ofis, injina, sararin samaniya da sauran masana'antu. Sauya robobi da ƙarfe da filastik da itace ya zama abin da duniya ke sha'awa.

Rubuce-rubucen injiniya na gabaɗaya sun haɗa da: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, modified polyphenylene ether, thermoplastic polyester, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, methylpentene polymer, vinyl alcohol copolymer, da sauransu.

An raba robobi na injiniya na musamman zuwa nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da juna da kuma waɗanda ba sa da alaƙa da juna. Nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da juna sune: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, polyimide mai haɗin gwiwa, resin epoxy mai jure zafi da sauransu. Nau'ikan da ba sa haɗin gwiwa sune: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) da sauransu.

③Robobi na musamman

Gabaɗaya yana nufin robobi waɗanda ke da ayyuka na musamman kuma ana iya amfani da su a aikace-aikace na musamman kamar su jiragen sama da sararin samaniya. Misali, fluoroplastics da silicones suna da juriya mai ƙarfi ga yanayin zafi, mai shafawa da sauran ayyuka na musamman, kuma robobi masu ƙarfi da robobi masu kumfa suna da halaye na musamman kamar ƙarfi mai yawa da kuma matashin kai mai yawa. Waɗannan robobi suna cikin rukunin robobi na musamman.

a. Roba mai ƙarfi:

Ana iya raba kayan da aka ƙarfafa na filastik zuwa manyan sassa (kamar filastik mai ƙarfafa sinadarin calcium), zare (kamar zare gilashi ko filastik mai ƙarfafa zane na gilashi), da kuma flake (kamar filastik mai ƙarfafa sinadarin mica) a cikin bayyanar. Dangane da kayan, ana iya raba shi zuwa robobi masu ƙarfafawa da aka yi da zane (kamar robobi masu ƙarfafawa ko asbestos masu ƙarfafawa), robobi masu cike da ma'adanai marasa tsari (kamar quartz ko robobi masu cike da mica), da robobi masu ƙarfafawa da zare (kamar robobi masu ƙarfafawa da zare).

b. Kumfa:

Ana iya raba robobi na kumfa zuwa nau'i uku: kumfa mai tauri, mai tauri da mai sassauƙa. Kumfa mai tauri ba shi da sassauƙa, kuma tauri mai matsawa yana da girma sosai. Zai lalace ne kawai lokacin da ya kai wani ƙimar damuwa kuma ba zai iya komawa ga yanayinsa na asali ba bayan an rage matsin lamba. Kumfa mai sassauƙa yana da sassauƙa, tare da ƙarancin tauri na matsawa, kuma yana da sauƙin lalacewa. Mayar da yanayin asali, ragowar nakasassu ƙarami ne; sassauƙa da sauran kaddarorin kumfa mai tauri suna tsakanin kumfa mai tauri da mai laushi.

Na biyu, rarrabuwa ta jiki da ta sinadarai

Dangane da bambancin halayen jiki da sinadarai na robobi daban-daban, ana iya raba robobi zuwa nau'i biyu: robobi masu saita zafi da robobi masu thermoplastic.

(1) Na'urar thermoplastic

Na'urorin Thermoplastics (Na'urorin Thermoplastics): yana nufin robobi waɗanda za su narke bayan dumamawa, za su iya kwarara zuwa cikin mold bayan sanyaya, sannan su narke bayan dumamawa; ana iya amfani da dumamawa da sanyaya don samar da canje-canje masu juyewa (ruwa ←→solid), eh Abin da ake kira canjin jiki. Na'urorin thermoplastics na gabaɗaya suna da yanayin zafi na amfani da su a ƙasa da 100°C. Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, da polystyrene suma ana kiransu robobi huɗu na gama gari. An raba robobi na thermoplastic zuwa hydrocarbons, vinyls tare da kwayoyin halittar polar, injiniyanci, cellulose da sauran nau'ikan. Yana yin laushi lokacin da aka dumama shi, kuma yana yin tauri lokacin da aka sanyaya shi. Ana iya tausasa shi akai-akai kuma ya taurare kuma yana kula da wani siffa. Yana narkewa a cikin wasu abubuwan narkewa kuma yana da halayen zama mai narkewa da narkewa. Na'urorin thermoplastics suna da kyakkyawan rufin lantarki, musamman polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) suna da ƙarancin dielectric constant da dielectric asara. Ga kayan rufewa mai yawan mita da babban ƙarfin lantarki. Na'urorin thermoplastics suna da sauƙin ƙerawa da sarrafawa, amma suna da ƙarancin juriya ga zafi kuma suna da sauƙin rarrafe. Matsayin rarrafe ya bambanta da kaya, zafin muhalli, mai narkewa, da danshi. Domin shawo kan waɗannan raunin na'urorin thermoplastics da kuma biyan buƙatun aikace-aikace a fannonin fasahar sararin samaniya da sabbin ci gaban makamashi, duk ƙasashe suna haɓaka resins masu jure zafi waɗanda za a iya narkewa, kamar polyether ether ketone (PEEK) da polyether sulfone (PES)., Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), da sauransu. Kayan haɗin da ake amfani da su azaman resin matrix suna da manyan halayen injiniya da juriya ga sinadarai, ana iya yin su da thermoform da walda, kuma suna da mafi kyawun ƙarfin yankewa tsakanin laminar fiye da resin epoxy. Misali, amfani da polyether ether ketone azaman resin matrix da carbon fiber don yin kayan haɗin gwiwa, juriyar gajiya ta wuce ta epoxy/carbon fiber. Yana da kyakkyawan juriya ga tasiri, kyakkyawan juriya ga rarrafe a zafin jiki na ɗaki, da kuma kyakkyawan sarrafawa. Ana iya amfani da shi akai-akai a 240-270°C. Kayan haɗin zafi ne mai kyau. Kayan da aka haɗa da polyethersulfone a matsayin matrix resin da carbon fiber yana da ƙarfi da tauri sosai a zafin 200°C, kuma yana iya kiyaye juriya mai kyau ga tasiri a -100°C; ba shi da guba, ba ya ƙonewa, yana da ƙarancin hayaki, kuma yana da juriya ga radiation. To, ana sa ran amfani da shi a matsayin muhimmin sashi na jirgin sama, kuma ana iya ƙera shi zuwa radome, da sauransu.

Rubuce-rubucen da aka haɗa da formaldehyde sun haɗa da robobi masu kama da phenolic, robobi masu kama da amino (kamar urea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, da sauransu). Sauran robobi masu kama da juna sun haɗa da polyester marasa cikawa, resin epoxy, da resin diallyl na phthalic.

(2) Roba mai sanyaya zafin jiki

Robalan da ke daidaita zafi suna nufin robobi waɗanda za a iya warkewa a ƙarƙashin zafi ko wasu yanayi ko kuma suna da halaye marasa narkewa (narkewa), kamar robobin phenolic, robobin epoxy, da sauransu. Robobin da ke daidaita zafi suna raba zuwa nau'in formaldehyde da sauran nau'ikan da ke haɗa kai. Bayan sarrafa zafi da ƙera shi, ana samar da samfurin da ba ya narkewa kuma ba ya narkewa, kuma ƙwayoyin resin suna haɗuwa zuwa tsarin sadarwa ta hanyar tsari mai layi. Ƙara zafi zai ruɓe kuma ya lalata. Robobin da ke daidaita zafi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da phenolic, epoxy, amino, polyester mara cika, furan, polysiloxane da sauran kayayyaki, da kuma sabbin robobin polydipropylene phthalate. Suna da fa'idodin juriyar zafi mai yawa da juriya ga nakasa lokacin da aka yi zafi. Rashin kyawun shine ƙarfin injin gabaɗaya ba shi da yawa, amma ana iya inganta ƙarfin injin ta hanyar ƙara abubuwan cikawa don yin kayan da aka laminated ko kayan da aka ƙera.

Robalan da ke sanyaya iska da aka yi da resin phenolic a matsayin babban kayan albarkatun ƙasa, kamar filastik da aka ƙera da phenolic (wanda aka fi sani da Bakelite), suna da ɗorewa, suna da karko, kuma suna da juriya ga wasu sinadarai banda alkalis masu ƙarfi. Ana iya ƙara nau'ikan cikawa da ƙari iri-iri bisa ga amfani da buƙatu daban-daban. Ga nau'ikan da ke buƙatar babban aikin kariya, ana iya amfani da mica ko fiber gilashi azaman cikawa; ga nau'ikan da ke buƙatar juriya ga zafi, ana iya amfani da asbestos ko wasu cikawa masu jure zafi; ga nau'ikan da ke buƙatar juriya ga girgizar ƙasa, ana iya amfani da zare daban-daban ko roba masu dacewa azaman cikawa. Kuma wasu wakilai masu tauri don yin kayan tauri masu ƙarfi. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da resin phenolic da aka gyara kamar aniline, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, da polyvinyl acetal don biyan buƙatun aikace-aikace daban-daban. Hakanan ana iya amfani da resin phenolic don yin laminates na phenolic, waɗanda ke da ƙarfin injiniya mai yawa, kyawawan halayen lantarki, juriya ga lalata, da sauƙin sarrafawa. Ana amfani da su sosai a cikin kayan aikin lantarki masu ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki.

Aminoplasts sun haɗa da urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde da sauransu. Suna da fa'idodin laushi mai tauri, juriya ga karce, rashin launi, bayyananne, da sauransu. Ƙara kayan launi za a iya yin su zuwa samfuran launi, waɗanda aka fi sani da jade na lantarki. Saboda yana da juriya ga mai kuma ba ya shafar ƙarancin alkalis da abubuwan narkewa na halitta (amma ba ya jure wa acid), ana iya amfani da shi a zafin jiki na 70°C na dogon lokaci, kuma yana iya jure wa zafin jiki na 110 zuwa 120°C a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma ana iya amfani da shi a cikin kayayyakin lantarki. Plas ɗin Melamine-formaldehyde yana da tauri mafi girma fiye da filastik urea-formaldehyde, kuma yana da juriyar ruwa mafi kyau, juriyar zafi, da juriyar baka. Ana iya amfani da shi azaman kayan rufewa mai jure wa baka.

Akwai nau'ikan robobi masu daidaita yanayin zafi da yawa da aka yi da resin epoxy a matsayin babban kayan da aka yi amfani da su, daga cikinsu kusan kashi 90% sun dogara ne akan resin epoxy bisphenol A. Yana da kyakkyawan mannewa, rufin lantarki, juriya ga zafi da kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai, ƙarancin raguwa da shan ruwa, da kuma ƙarfin injina mai kyau.

Ana iya yin polyester mara cika da kuma epoxy resin duka su zama FRP, wanda ke da ƙarfin injiniya mai kyau. Misali, filastik mai ƙarfi da aka yi da polyester mara cika yana da kyawawan halaye na injiniya da ƙarancin yawa (kashi 1/5 zuwa 1/4 na ƙarfe, 1/2 na aluminum), kuma yana da sauƙin sarrafawa zuwa sassa daban-daban na lantarki. Sifofin lantarki da na injiniya na robobi da aka yi da dipropylene phthalate resin sun fi na robobi masu kama da phenolic da amino thermosetting. Yana da ƙarancin hygroscopicity, girman samfur mai ƙarfi, kyakkyawan aikin ƙira, juriyar acid da alkali, ruwan tafasa da wasu sinadarai na halitta. Haɗin ginin ya dace da ƙera sassan da ke da tsari mai rikitarwa, juriyar zafin jiki da kuma babban rufi. Gabaɗaya, ana iya amfani da shi na dogon lokaci a cikin kewayon zafin jiki na -60~180℃, kuma matakin juriyar zafi zai iya kaiwa matakin F zuwa H, wanda ya fi juriyar zafi na robobi masu kama da phenolic da amino.

Ana amfani da robobin silicone a cikin nau'in polysiloxane sosai a fannin lantarki da fasahar lantarki. An fi ƙarfafa robobin silicone da aka yi wa laminate da zane na gilashi; robobin silicone da aka yi wa ado galibi ana cika su da zare na gilashi da asbestos, waɗanda ake amfani da su don ƙera sassan da ke jure wa zafin jiki mai yawa, injinan da ke jure wa ruwa, kayan lantarki, da kayan lantarki. Wannan nau'in robobin yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin dielectric constant da ƙimar tgδ, kuma mitar ba ta shafar shi sosai. Ana amfani da shi a masana'antar lantarki da lantarki don jure wa corona da arcs. Ko da fitar da ruwa yana haifar da ruɓewa, samfurin shine silicon dioxide maimakon carbon black mai jurewa. . Wannan nau'in kayan yana da juriyar zafi mai ban mamaki kuma ana iya amfani da shi akai-akai a 250°C. Babban rashin amfanin polysilicone shine ƙarancin ƙarfin injiniya, ƙarancin mannewa da rashin juriyar mai. An ƙirƙiri polymers da yawa da aka gyara, kamar robobin silicone da aka gyara na polyester kuma an yi amfani da su a cikin fasahar lantarki. Wasu robobi robobi ne na thermoplastic da thermosetting. Misali, polyvinyl chloride gabaɗaya thermoplastic ne. Japan ta ƙirƙiro wani sabon nau'in polyvinyl chloride na ruwa wanda ake kira thermoset kuma yana da zafin ƙera ƙarfe daga 60 zuwa 140°C. Wani robobi da ake kira Lundex a Amurka yana da siffofi na sarrafa thermoplastic, da kuma halayen jiki na robobi masu saita thermosetting.

① robobi masu amfani da sinadarin hydrogen carbon.

Roba ce da ba ta da polar, wadda aka raba zuwa kristal da kuma ba ta da kristal. Roba ce ta hydrocarbon ta kristal sun haɗa da polyethylene, polypropylene, da sauransu, sannan roba ce ta hydrocarbon ta kristal sun haɗa da polystyrene, da sauransu.

②Robobin vinyl masu ɗauke da kwayoyin halitta na polar.

Banda fluoroplastics, yawancinsu ba su da haske kamar na kristal, ciki har da polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, da sauransu. Yawancin monomers na vinyl za a iya haɗa su da polymers masu ƙarfi.

③Robobi na injiniyan thermoplastic.

Galibi sun haɗa da polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, ABS, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, da sauransu. Polytetrafluoroethylene. Polypropylene da aka gyara, da sauransu suma an haɗa su cikin wannan jerin.

④ Rubuce-rubucen cellulose na Thermoplastic.

Ya ƙunshi cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellophane, cellophane da sauransu.

Za mu iya amfani da duk kayan filastik da ke sama.
A cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, ana amfani da PP na abinci da PP na likita don samfuran da suka yi kama da hakacokali. Pipettean yi shi ne da kayan HDPE, kumabututun gwajigalibi ana yin sa ne da kayan PP ko PS na likitanci. Har yanzu muna da kayayyaki da yawa, ta amfani da kayayyaki daban-daban, saboda mumoldmai yin, kusan dukkan kayayyakin filastik ana iya samar da su